Tuesday, January 26, 2016

Overconfidence and Occupational Choice

There is a new NBER working paper on "Overconfidence and Occupational Choice" by Edward P. Lazear.

The abstract reads:

"A statistical theory of overconfidence is proposed and applied to the issue of occupational choice. Individuals who can choose whether to engage in an activity or not must estimate their performance. The estimates have error and that error has positive expectation among those who engage in the activity. As a result, an unbiased ex ante estimate of performance in an occupation results in an ex post biased estimate of ability among those enter. The statistical theory of overconfidence provides a number of testable implications, most significant of which is that overconfidence should be more prevalent in occupations where estimates of ability are noisier. This and other implications are tested and found to hold using the Current Population Survey and Panel Study of Income Dynamics data."

Monday, January 25, 2016

Gender Wage gap

There is a new NBER working paper:
THE GENDER WAGE GAP:EXTENT, TRENDS, AND EXPLANATIONS 
by Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn

The abstract reads:
"Using PSID microdata over the 1980-2010, we provide new empirical evidence on the extent of and trends in the gender wage gap, which declined considerably over this period. By 2010, conventional human capital variables taken together explained little of the gender wage gap, while gender differences in occupation and industry continued to be important. Moreover, the gender pay gap declined much more slowly at the top of the wage distribution that at the middle or the bottom and by 2010 was noticeably higher at the top. We then survey the literature to identify what has been learned about the explanations for the gap. We conclude that many of the traditional explanations continue to have salience. Although human capital factors are now relatively unimportant in the aggregate, women’s work force interruptions and shorter hours remain significant in high skilled occupations, possibly due to compensating differentials. Gender differences in occupations and industries, as well as differences in gender roles and the gender division of labor remain important, and research based on experimental evidence strongly suggests that discrimination cannot be discounted. Psychological attributes or noncognitive skills comprise one of the newer explanations for gender differences in outcomes. Our effort to assess the quantitative evidence on the importance of these factors suggests that they account for a small to moderate portion of the gender pay gap, considerably smaller than say occupation and industry effects, though they appear to modestly contribute to these differences."

One conclusion in terms of future work is to understand better what psychological factors matter, and how much they do matter. While there has been some work on that line, it is really very far from giving a great answer, I believe.

I count my own work in that vein, as a step in the right direction: showing the importance of psychological factors, though hard to assess their impact on the gender wage gap, see Thomas Buser and Hessel Oosterbeek “Gender, Competitiveness and Career Choices,” receives a very nice summary (see also my former blogposts on it here and here)


Friday, January 8, 2016

Gender Session online

The ASSA filmed our Session: Gender at Work. You can watch it here. For me, it only works on explorer, but they may eventually fix that. Note also the big (pretty useless) podium, which for some women posed almost a height challenge...

This is the session you can watch:

Gender at Work: Evidence from Experimental Economics (C9, J7)

Presiding: CATHERINE ECKEL (Texas A&M University)

Knowing When to Ask: The Cost of Leaning In
CHRISTINE EXLEY (Stanford University)
MURIEL NIEDERLE (Stanford University)
LISE VESTERLUND (University of Pittsburgh)

A University-Wide Field Experiment on Gender Differences in Job Entry Decisions
ANYA SAMEK (University of Southern California)

Born to Lead? Gender Differences in Incentive Provision and Its Evaluation
ALEXANDRA VAN GEEN (Erasmus University)
OLGA SHURCHKOV (Wellesley College)

Gender Differences in Negotiation by Communication Method
ADAM GREENBERG (University of California-San Diego)
RAGAN PETRIE (George Mason University)

Stress and the gender difference in willingness to compete
THOMAS BUSER (University of Amsterdam)
ANNA DREBER ALMENBERG (Stockholm School of Economics)
JOHANNA MOLLERSTROM (George Mason University)

Discussants:
CHRISTINE EXLEY (Stanford University)
ANAT BRACHA (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston)
KATHERINE COFFMAN (Ohio State University)
ALEXANDRA VAN GEEN (Erasmus University)

Thursday, January 7, 2016

Really, in this day and age? 30 nominees for a grand prize in comics, and how many are female?

The biggest comic festival in Angouleme, France, has as the most prestigious prize a career prize, the grand prix. Of all the past winners since 1974, there was only one woman. They write about their prize: "Le Grand Prix décerné chaque année vise à récompenser un-e auteur-e pour l'ensemble de son œuvre et sa contribution à l'évolution de la bande dessinée."

This year, 30 cartoonists are nominated: they are all men. Apparently, this at a time where there are plenty excellent female artists. While I've heard of many of the nominees, (while aiming to not lose my remainder of my french, I started to read comics or graphic novels, and got a little hooked for a while) it is indeed easy to come up with female names that would be in no way stand out as not belonging among the very best of this list: 
Marjane Satrapi and Posy Simmonds (both have apparently been nominated in the past), Alison Bechdel,  Rutu Modan, Claire Bretecher...

In light of this, two of the nominees declined to be nominees for this prize: Both big figures in the comics world, one french, and one I believe american.

Riad Sattouf writes:
"Bonjour!
J'ai découvert que j'étais dans la liste des nominés au grand prix du festival d'Angoulême de cette année. Cela m'a fait très plaisir ! 
Mais, il se trouve que cette liste ne comprend que des hommes. 
Cela me gêne, car il y a beaucoup de grandes artistes qui mériteraient d'y être. 
Je préfère donc céder ma place à par exemple, Rumiko Takahashi, Julie Doucet, Anouk Ricard, Marjane Satrapi, Catherine Meurisse (je vais pas faire la liste de tous les gens que j'aime bien hein !)... 
Je demande ainsi à être retiré de cette liste, en espérant toutefois pouvoir la réintégrer le jour où elle sera plus paritaire! Merci!
On se voit à Angoulême!
Riad"

and Daniel Clowes" "I support the boycott of Angouleme and am withdrawing my name from any consideration for what is now a totally meaningless 'honor.' What a ridiculous, embarrassing debacle," says Clowes."

I have to admit, I'm a little surprised. 30 is a big number...

An update: As of yesterday night (the night of Jan 6), that number has climbed to 9. So, of the 30 men nominated, 9 declined to be nominees... And the prize committee actually announced that they will generate an expanded list...

A second update: I have to admit, I was quite impressed with almost a third of people (and not the third that had the lowest chances of winning) to decline to be nominated. As of today (January 7), the prize committee decided not to generate a list of nominees but make everyone eligible to be voted on. 

Wednesday, January 6, 2016

Female emails

Christina Cauterucci in Slate writes: "New Chrome App Helps Women Stop Saying “Just” and “Sorry” in Emails"

"With her company’s new Chrome browser extension, Reiss has put a bull’s-eye on the tempering words and phrases—just, I think, sorry—that clutter up her emails, undermine her authority, and dilute her leadership capacity."..

And

"The Just Not Sorry extension, which is downloadable at the Chrome app store, underlines self-demeaning phrases like “I’m no expert” and qualifying words like “actually” in red in Gmail like they’re spelling errors. Hover your mouse over the red words, and you’ll see explanatory quotes from women like Tara Mohr (“‘Just’ demeans what you have to say. ‘Just’ shrinks your power.”) and Sylvia Ann Hewlett (“Using sorry frequently undermines your gravitas and makes you appear unfit for leadership.”)."

And

"“I am queen of the ‘does this makes sense?’ ” Reiss told me in a phone call, referencing one of the phrases the app targets. "

Reading through some of my emails, I do use some of those words or semi-sentences, but actually, I think I'm not sure if that's really an issue...

Tuesday, January 5, 2016

ASSA Jan 05: Gender Sessions

Jan 05, 2016 8:00 am, Hilton Union Square, Continental – Parlor 9
American Economic Association
Gender Differences in Career Outcomes (J1, J7)
Presiding: LISE VESTERLUND (University of Pittsburgh)

Gender Dynamics in Referral-Based Hiring: A Field Experiment
ANNA SANDBERG (Stockholm University)
KARIN HEDEROS ERIKSSON (Stockholm University)
LUKAS KVISSBERG (Stockholm School of Economics)
ERIK POLANO (Stockholm School of Economics)

Does Gender Matter for Academic Promotion? Evidence from Two Large Scale Randomized Natural Experiments
MANUEL BAGUES (Aalto University Helsinki)
NATALIA ZINOVYEVA (Aalto University Helsinki)

Gender Bias in Performance Evaluations
FRIEDERIKE MENGEL (University of Essex)
JAN SAUERMANN (Stockholm University)
ULF ZÖLITZ (Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA))

Dynamic Evolution of Individual Willingness to Compete
THOMAS BUSER (University of Amsterdam)

Discussants:
KATHERINE COFFMAN (Ohio State University)
SCOTT CARRELL (University of California-Davis)
ESZTER CZIBOR (University of Chicago)
JOHANNA MOLLERSTROM (George Mason University)

Jan 05, 2016 10:15 am, Hilton Union Square, Golden Gate 8 
American Economic Association
Gender Economics (J7)
Presiding: KIMMARIE MCGOLDRICK (University of Richmond)

Gender Differences in Networking at Work
FRIEDERIKE MENGEL (University of Essex and Maastricht University)

Gender Biases in Student Evaluations of Teachers and their Impact on Teacher Incentives
ANNE BORING (Sciences Po)

How Stress Affects Willingness to Compete Across Genders
JANA CAHLIKOVA (Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance)
LUBOMIR CINGL (Charles University-Prague)
IAN LEVELY (Charles University-Prague)

Gender Differences in Credit for Group Work
HEATHER SARSONS (Harvard University)


Jan 05, 2016 10:15 am, Marriott Marquis, Pacific B 
Association for Social Economics/International Association for Feminist Economics
Financialisation and Gender (J1, G1)
Presiding: ALICIA GIRON (National Autonomous University of Mexico)

Seven Ways to Knit Your Portfolio: Is Investor Communication Neutral?
HENRIËTTE PRAST (Tilburg University)

Child Marriage as a Financial and Economic Transaction
QUENTIN WODON (World Bank)

Family Labor Supply and the Timing of Cash Transfers: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit
TZU-TING YANG (University of British Columbia and Academia Sinica)

Economics of the Unschooled Child Worker: Parental Motivation and Human Development Consequences for the Girl Child
SANJUKTA CHAUDHURI (University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire)

Monday, January 4, 2016

ASSA: Gender sessions on Jan 04

Today I present at the ASSA session, looks like a great session!

Jan 04, 2016 8:00 am, Hilton Union Square, Continental Ballroom 4
American Economic Association
Gender at Work: Evidence from Experimental Economics (C9, J7)

Presiding: CATHERINE ECKEL (Texas A&M University)

Knowing When to Ask: The Cost of Leaning In
CHRISTINE EXLEY (Stanford University)
MURIEL NIEDERLE (Stanford University)
LISE VESTERLUND (University of Pittsburgh)

A University-Wide Field Experiment on Gender Differences in Job Entry Decisions
ANYA SAMEK (University of Southern California)

Born to Lead? Gender Differences in Incentive Provision and Its Evaluation
ALEXANDRA VAN GEEN (Erasmus University)
OLGA SHURCHKOV (Wellesley College)

Gender Differences in Negotiation by Communication Method
ADAM GREENBERG (University of California-San Diego)
RAGAN PETRIE (George Mason University)

Stress and the gender difference in willingness to compete
THOMAS BUSER (University of Amsterdam)
ANNA DREBER ALMENBERG (Stockholm School of Economics)
JOHANNA MOLLERSTROM (George Mason University)

Discussants:
CHRISTINE EXLEY (Stanford University)
ANAT BRACHA (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston)
KATHERINE COFFMAN (Ohio State University)
ALEXANDRA VAN GEEN (Erasmus University)


Then there is

Jan 04, 2016 10:15 am, Marriott Marquis, Walnut
Association for the Study of Generosity in Economics/International Association for Feminist Economics
Gender and Altruistic Decisions (D6, J1)
Presiding: CATHERINE ECKEL (Texas A&M University)

Making Decisions for Others: The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes
CATHERINE ECKEL (Texas A&M University)

Finding Excuses to Decline the Ask: A Field Experiment
RAGAN PETRIE (George Mason University)
CHRISTINE EXLEY (Harvard University)

The Importance of Fuzzy Beliefs
KATHERINE COFFMAN (Ohio State University)
MURIEL NIEDERLE (Stanford University)

Mitigating Gender Gaps in Competitiveness and the Response to Performance Feedback: Evidence from Randomized Educational Interventions
SULE ALAN (University of Essex)
SEDA ERTAC (Koc University)

Discussants:
JONATHAN MEER (Texas A&M University)


Jan 04, 2016 10:15 am, Hilton Union Square, Continental – Parlor 3 
American Economic Association
Education and Gender (I2, J1)
Presiding: SHULAMIT KAHN (Boston University)

The STEM Gender Gap: Evidence from the CA State Science Fair
NANNEH CHEHRAS (University of California-Irvine)

Educational Mobility across Three Generations of American Women
SARAH KROEGER (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)
OWEN THOMPSON (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee)

Student Appearance and Class Performance
CHRISTINA PETERS (Metropolitan State University of Denver)
REY HERNANDEZ-JULIAN (Metropolitan State University of Denver)

The Math Gender Gap: The Role of Culture
NÚRIA RODRÍGUEZ-PLANAS (City University of New York-Queens College)
NATALIA NOLLENBERGER (IAE-CSIC)
ALMUDENA SEVILLA (Queen Mary University of London)

Discussants:
SHULAMIT KAHN (Boston University)
GARY SOLON (University of Arizona)
TANYA ROSENBLAT (University of Michigan)
MARGARET E. BLUME-KOHOUT (New Mexico Consortium and Mount Holyoke College)


Jan 04, 2016 10:15 am, Marriott Marquis, Sierra K 
Union for Radical Political Economics/International Association for Feminist Economics
Gender and Educational Investment (I2)
Presiding: LINDA LUCAS (University of South Florida)

Empowered or Not? Exploring the Conundrum of Increasing Female Schooling and Stagnant Female Labor Market Participation in Japan, China and India
SUCHARITA SINHA MUKERJEE (College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University)

Family Wealth Shock: The Allocation of Property Rights within Marriage and Children’s Education Investment
JING LIU (Central University of Finance and Economics)
LIANGSHU QI (Tsinghua University)

An Early Assessment of Extension of Compulsory School Attendance in Turkey: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
BILGE ERTEN (Northeastern University)

The Pre-School Effects: Analyzing the Causal Effects of Pre-School Attendance on Income, Educational Attainment, and Mother's Labor Force Participation
ALYSSA SCHNEEBAUM (Vienna University of Economics and Business)

Discussants:
LINDA LUCAS (University of South Florida)
LEANNE RONCOLATO (Franklin and Marshall College)

Jan 04, 2016 12:30 pm, Marriott Marquis, Sierra B 
International Association for Feminist Economics
Gendered Responses to Upheaval and Recession (F6)
Presiding: JOYCE JACOBSEN (Wesleyan University)

What are the Implications of Austerity Policy Chosen by the Government of Canada in the Midst of the Great Depression 2008-2009 for Women Workers in the Medium to Long-Run? Gender Analysis of the Socio-Economic Status of Canadian Women Workers and Policy Prescriptions for Select Case Studies
ANA ANDROSIK (New School )

Gender, Class and the Crisis
MARCELLA CORSI (Sapienza University of Rome)
CARLO D’IPPOLITI (Sapienza University of Rome)

The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Gender Inequalities: Evidence from Europe
ESTHER JEFFERS (University of Paris 8)
CAROLE BRUNET (University of Paris 8)

Gender, Socieconomic Status, Time-Use, and the Great Recession in the U.S.
EBRU KONGAR (Dickinson College)
MARK PRICE (Keystone Research Center)

Discussants:
JOYCE JACOBSEN (Wesleyan University)
YANA VAN DER MUELEN RODGERS (Rutgers University)


Jan 04, 2016 2:30 pm, Hilton Union Square, Franciscan C 
American Economic Association
Experimental Gender Economics (C9, D8)
Presiding: MURIEL NIEDERLE (Stanford University)

Affirmative Action and Stereotype Threat
ANAT BRACHA (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston)
ALMA COHEN (Harvard University)
LYNN CONELL-PRICE (Carnegie Mellon University)

Risk in the Background: How Men and Women Respond
ALEXANDRA VAN GEEN (Erasmus University)

After You: Gender and Group Decision-Making
PEDRO BORDALO (Royal Holloway)
KATHERINE COFFMAN (Ohio State University)
NICOLA GENNAIOLI (Bocconi University)
ANDREI SHLEIFER (Harvard University)

Bursting the Bubble: Gender Differences in Financial Bubbles with Anonymous Traders
CATHERINE ECKEL (Texas A&M University)
SASCHA FÜLLBRUNN (Radboud University)

Discussants:
JOHANNA MOLLERSTROM (George Mason University)
RAGAN PETRIE (George Mason University)
ANYA SAMEK (University of Southern Califiornia)
OLGA SHURCHKOV (Wellesley College)